Copyright Amendment Bill B13-2017

(As introduced in the National Assembly (proposed section 75); explanatory summary of Bill published in Government Gazette nº 40121 of 5 July 2016)

BILL
To amend the Copyright Act, 1978, so as to define certain words and expressions; to allow for the reproduction of copyright work; to provide for the protection of copyright in artistic work; to provide for the accreditation and registration of Collecting Societies; to provide for the procedure for settlement of royalties disputes; to allow fair use of copyright work; to provide for access to copyright works by persons with disabilities; to provide for the protection of authorship of orphan works by the State; to provide for the establishment of the Intellectual Property Tribunal; to provide for the appointment of members of the Intellectual Property Tribunal; to provide for the powers and functions of the Intellectual Property Tribunal; to provide for prohibited conduct in respect of technological protection measures; to provide for prohibited conduct in respect of copyright management information; to provide for management of digital rights; to provide for certain new offences; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

BE IT ENACTED by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as
follows:
Amendment of section 1 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 1 of Act 56 of 1980, section 1 of Act 66 of 1983, section 1 of Act 52 of 1984, section 1 of Act 13 of 1988, section 1 of Act 125 of 1992, section 50 of Act 38 of 1997, section 1 of Act 9 of 2002, section 224 of Act 71 of 2008 and section 3 of Act 28 of 2013

1. Section 1 of the Copyright Act, 1978 (hereinafter referred to as ‘‘the principal Act’’), is hereby amended :

(a) by the insertion before the definition of ‘‘adaptation’’ of the following
definition: ‘‘ ‘accessible format copy’ means a copy of a work in an alternative
manner or form which gives a person with a disability access to the work
and which permits such person to have access as feasibly and
comfortably as a person without disability;’’;

(b) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘artistic work’’ of the following
definition: ‘‘ ‘audiovisual fixation’ has the meaning ascribed to it in section 1 of the
Performers’ Protection Act, 1967 (Act nº 11 of 1967);’’;

(c) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘collecting society’’ of the following
definition: ‘‘ ‘commercial’ means to obtain direct economic advantage or financial
gain in connection with the business or trade of the user of the work in
question;’’;

(d) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘community protocol’’ of the following
definition:
‘‘ ‘Companies Act’ means the Companies Act, 2008 (Act nº 71 of 2008);’’;

(e) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘copyright’’ of the following definition:
‘‘ ‘copyright management information’ means information, including
meta-data, attached to or embodied in a copy of a work that :
(a) identifies the work and its author or copyright author; or
(b) identifies or indicates some or all of the terms and conditions for using the work or indicates that the use of the work is subject to terms and conditions;’’;

(f) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘National Trust’’ of the following
definition:
‘‘ ‘orphan work’ means a work in which copyright still subsists but none of the rights holders in that work is identified or, even if one or more of them are identified, none is located;’’;

(g) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘performance’’ of the following
definitions:
‘‘ ‘performer’ has the meaning ascribed to it in section 1 of the Performers’ Protection Act, 1967 (Act nº 11 of 1967);
‘person with a disability’ includes a person who has a perceived or actual physical, intellectual, neurological or sensory impairment which, as a result of communication, physical or information barriers, requires an accessible format copy in order to access and use a work;’’;

(h) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘sound recording’’ of the following
definitions:
‘‘ ‘technologically protected work’ means a work that is protected by a
technological protection measure;
‘technological protection measure’ :
(a) means any process, treatment, mechanism, technology, device, system or component that in the normal course of its operation is designed to prevent or restrict infringement of work; and
(b) does not include a process, treatment, mechanism, technology, device, system or component, to the extent that it controls any access to a work for non-infringing purposes;
‘technological protection measure circumvention device’ means a device primarily designed, produced or adapted for purposes of enabling or facilitating the unlawful circumvention of a technological protection measure;’’; and

(i) by the insertion after the definition of ‘‘traditional work’’ of the following
definition:
‘‘ ‘Tribunal’ means the Intellectual Property Tribunal established by section 29;’’.

Insertion of section 2A in Act 98 of 1978

2. The following section is hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 2:

‘‘Scope of copyright protection

2A.

(1) Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to:
(a) ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts; or
(b) in the case of computer programs, to interface specifications.

(2) Tables and compilations which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute the author’s own intellectual creation shall be protected as such by copyright.

(3) The copyright protection of tables and compilations shall :
(a) not extend to their contents; and (b) be without prejudice to any rights subsisting in their contents.

(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 2, no protection shall :
(a) extend to an expression :
(i) inextricably merged with an idea such that the idea can be expressed intelligibly only in one or a limited number of ways; or
(ii) when the particular expression is directed by law or regulation such that only one form of expression will meet regulatory requirements, for example on a safety label;
(b) subsist in :
(i) official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature or in official translations of those texts;
(ii) speeches of a political nature, in speeches delivered in the course of legal proceedings or in news of the day that are mere items of press information: Provided that the maker of the speeches referred to in this subparagraph shall have the exclusive right of making a collection of the speeches in question.’’.

Amendment of section 5 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 5 of Act 52 of 1984 and section 5 of Act 125 of 1992

3. Section 5 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (2) of the following subsection:
‘‘(2)

(a) Copyright shall be conferred by this section on every work which is
eligible for copyright and which is made by, funded by or under the direction or
control of the state or [such] an international [organizations as may be
prescribed] or local organisations.

(b) Copyright conferred in terms of paragraph (a) shall be owned by the state or organisation in question.’’.

Amendment of section 6 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 3 of Act 56 of 1980 and section 6 of Act 125 of 1992

4. Section 6 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the insertion after paragraph (e) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(eA) communicating the work to the public, by wire or wireless means,
including by means of internet access and the making of the work available to the public in such a way that any member of the public may access the work from a place and at a time chosen by that person, whether interactively or non-interactively;’’;

(b) by the substitution for paragraph (g) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(g) doing, in relation to an adaptation of the work, any of the acts specified in relation to the work in paragraphs (a) to [(e)] (eA) inclusive[.]’’; and

(c) by the addition of the following proviso:
‘‘: Provided that, notwithstanding the transfer of copyright in a literary or
musical work by the user, performer, owner, producer or author, the user,
performer, owner, producer or author of such work shall have the right to claim an equal portion of the royalty payable for the use of such copyright work.’’.

Amendment of section 7 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 4 of Act 56 of 1980 and section 7 of Act 125 of 1992

5. Section 7 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the insertion after paragraph (d) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(dA) communicating the work to the public, by wire or wireless means, including by means of internet access and the making of the work available to the public in such a way that any member of the public may access the work from a place and at a time chosen by that person, whether interactively or non-interactively;’’;

(b) by the substitution for paragraph (f) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(f) doing, in relation to an adaptation of the work, any of the acts specified in relation to the work in paragraphs (a) to [(d)] (dA) inclusive[.]’’; and

(c) by the addition of the following proviso:
‘‘Provided that, notwithstanding the transfer of copyright in an artistic work by the user, performer, owner, producer or author, the user, performer, owner, producer or author of such work shall have the right to claim an equal portion of the royalty payable for use of the copyright work.’’.

Substitution of section 8 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 5 of Act 56 of 1980, section 6 of Act 52 of 1984, section 1 of Act 61 of 1989 and section 8 of Act 125 of 1992

6. The following section is hereby substituted for section 8 of the principal Act:

‘‘Nature of copyright in cinematograph films and audiovisual fixations

(1) Copyright in a cinematograph film or an audiovisual fixation vests the exclusive right to do or to authorize the doing of any of the following acts in the Republic:

(a) Reproducing the film or fixation in any manner or form, including making a still photograph therefrom;

(b) causing the film or fixation, in so far as it consists of images, to be seen in public, or, in so far as it consists of sounds, to be heard in public;

(d) causing the film or fixation to be transmitted in a diffusion service, unless such service transmits a lawful television broadcast, including the film or fixation, and is operated by the original broadcaster;

(dA) communicating the film or fixation to the public, by wire or wireless
means, including by means of internet access and the making of the film or fixation available to the public in such a way that any member of the public may access the film or fixation from a place and at a time chosen by that person, whether interactively or non-interactively;

(e) making an adaptation of the film or fixation;

(f) doing, in relation to an adaptation of the film or fixation, any of the acts
specified in relation to the film or fixation in paragraphs (a) to [(d)] (dA) inclusive;

(g) letting, or offering or exposing for hire by way of trade, directly or
indirectly, a copy of the film or fixation: Provided that, notwithstanding the transfer of copyright in a cinematograph
film or an audiovisual fixation by the user, performer, owner, producer or author, the user, performer, owner, producer or author of such film or fixation shall have the right to claim an equal portion of the royalty payable for use of the copyright film or fixation.’’.

Amendment of section 9 of Act 98 of 1978, as substituted by section 2 of Act 9 of 2002

7. Section 9 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution for paragraph (e) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(e) communicating the sound recording to the public, by wire or wireless means, including by means of internet access and the making of the sound recording available to the public in such a way that any member of the public may access the sound recording from a place and at a time chosen by that person, whether interactively or non-interactively.’’.

Substitution of section 9A of Act 98 of 1978, as inserted by section 3 of Act 9 of 2002

8. The following section is hereby substituted for section 9A of the principal Act:

‘‘Royalties

9A.

(1)

(a) In the absence of an agreement to the contrary or unless
otherwise authorised by law, no person may, without payment of a royalty to the owner of the relevant copyright:
(i) broadcast[,] a sound recording as contemplated in section 9(c);
(ii) cause the transmission of a sound recording as contemplated in section
9(d); or [play] (iii) communicate a sound recording to the public as contemplated in [section 9(c), (d) or (e) without payment of a royalty to the owner of the relevant copyright] section 9(e).

(aA) Any person who intends to perform an act contemplated in section 9(c), (d), or (e) must, at any time before performing that act, submit a prescribed notice in the prescribed manner to the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society or indigenous community, community trust or National Trust, as the case may be, of his or her intention to perform that act, and must, in that notice:
(i) indicate, where practicable, the date of the proposed performance and the proposed terms and conditions of the payment of a royalty; and
(ii) request the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust to sign the proposal attached to the notice in question.

(aB) If the person referred to in paragraph (aA) has failed to submit the required notice to the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author,
collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust before performing an act contemplated in section 9(c), (d), or (e), that person must forthwith:
(i) notify the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting
society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust of such act;
(ii) pay the generally applicable licence fees as per the proposal or as
published by the collecting society in respect of that person’s category of use; and
(iii) pay retrospective fees calculated from the date of first use, but not in
respect of use prior to the coming into operation of the Copyright
Amendment Act, 2017.

(aC) The copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust must as soon as is reasonably practicable upon receipt of such notice respond to such proposal.

(aD) If the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting
society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust rejects such proposal, or if the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author,
collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust proposes different terms and conditions to such proposal and the proposal is rejected after negotiations, any party may in the prescribed manner refer the matter to the Tribunal.

(aE) The Tribunal must adjudicate the matter as soon as is reasonably
practicable and, if possible, before the performance which is the subject of the application make an order it deems fit, including, but not limited to, an order that a provisional payment of a royalty must be made into a trust account of an attorney nominated by the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust pending the finalisation of the terms and royalty payable: Provided that such amount shall be paid over to the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust as such amount represents the difference, if any, between the amount determined as the appropriate royalty and the amount already paid, and any balance must be repaid.

(b) The amount of any royalty contemplated in paragraph (a) shall be
determined by an agreement between the user of the sound recording, the
performer and the owner of the copyright, or between their [representative] collecting societies.

(c) In the absence of an agreement contemplated in paragraph (b), the user, performer or owner may refer the matter to the [Copyright] Tribunal [referred to in section 29(1)] or they may agree to refer the matter for arbitration in terms of the Arbitration Act, 1965 (Act nº 42 of 1965).

(2)

(a) The user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society,
indigenous community, community trust or National Trust of the copyright who receives payment of a royalty in terms of this section shall share such royalty with any performer whose performance is featured on the sound recording in question and who would have been entitled to receive a royalty in that regard as contemplated in section 5 of the Performers’ Protection Act, 1967 (Act nº 11 of 1967): Provided that the royalty payable for the use of a sound recording shall be divided equally between the copyright user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust on the one hand and the performer on the other hand or between the recording company, user, performer, owner, producer, author, collecting society, indigenous community, community trust or National Trust.

(b) The performer’s share of the royalty shall represent fair and equitable
remuneration determined by an agreement between the performer and the
owner of copyright, or between their [representative] collecting societies.

(c) In the absence of an agreement contemplated in paragraph (b), the
performer or owner may refer the matter to the [Copyright] Tribunal [referred to in section 29 (1)], or they may agree to refer the matter for arbitration in terms of the Arbitration Act, 1965 (Act nº 42 of 1965).

(d) Any payment made by the user of the sound recording in terms of this
subsection shall be deemed to have discharged any obligation which that user might have to make any payment in respect of his or her use of a corresponding fixation in terms of section 5 of the Performers’ Protection
Act, 1967 (Act nº 11 of 1967).

(3) In the event of any right to a royalty being assigned to any successor in title, either by contractual arrangement, operation of law, testamentary
disposition or otherwise, any successor in title shall be entitled to enforce such right to a royalty against the person who in terms of this section is obliged to pay or against his or her successor in title.’’.

Insertion of sections 9B to 9F in Act 98 of 1978

9. The following sections are hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 9A:

‘‘Resale of royalty right

9B.

(1) The author of an artistic work shall enjoy an inalienable right to receive royalties on the commercial resale of his or her work subsequent to the first transfer by the user of that work (in this Chapter referred to as the ‘‘resale royalty right’’).

(2)

(a) Royalties in respect of artistic works shall be payable at the rate
prescribed by the Minister after consultation with the Minister responsible for arts and culture.

(b) The Minister must, before prescribing the rate referred to in paragraph (a), publish the rate proposed once in the Gazette and call for written comments by any interested party to be provided within 30 days after such publication.

(3) The user, performer, owner, producer or author of an artistic work
shall be entitled to receive a resale royalty if:

(a) at the time when the resale is concluded:
(i) the author is a South African citizen or is resident in the Republic; and
(ii) the term of validity of the resale royalty right has not expired;

(b) in the case of a deceased author, the deceased was at the time of death a South African citizen or was resident in the Republic;

(c) the resale or any part of the transaction takes place in the Republic or in any country contemplated in Article 1 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; and

(d) the resale of the work is recognisable after the commencement of section 9 of the Copyright Amendment Act, 2017.

(4) A resale royalty right applies whether or not the author:

(a) is or was the first user, performer, owner, producer or author of any
copyright in the work; or

(b) has entered into an agreement with any person to assign, waive or charge a resale royalty right in contravention of this Act.

Proof of user, performer, owner, producer or author

9C.

(1) Where a mark or name purporting to identify a person as the author of an artistic work appears on such work, the person whose name appears, is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, presumed to be the user, performer, owner, producer or author of such work.

(2) If it is found that an artistic work is a work of more than one user,
performer, owner, producer or author, the presumption in subsection (1)
applies to each artist linked with such artistic work.

(3) If it is found that an artistic work includes indigenous knowledge of a community, such community is entitled to an equitable share in the resale
royalty payable.

Duration of resale royalty right

9D.

(1) The resale royalty right of a user, performer, owner, producer or author of an artistic work expires at the end of the period of 50 years calculated from the end of the calendar year in which the author concerned died.

(2) In the case of :

(a) an artistic work created by an unknown author, the resale royalty right of the work expires at the end of the period of 50 years calculated from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made available to the public, including by exhibition in public;

(b) an artistic work by more than one author, the resale royalty right continues:(i) if the identity of all the authors are known, until the end of the period of 50 years calculated from the end of the calendar year in which the last of the authors dies; or
(ii) if the identity of one or more, but not all, of the authors are known, until the end of the period of 50 years calculated from the date on which the last author whose identity is known dies.

(3) After the expiry of the resale royalty right of an artistic work created by an unknown author contemplated in subsection (2)(a), the resale right in that work revives if the identity of the author becomes known.

Assignment or waiver

9E.

(1) Assignment or waiver of a resale royalty right is unlawful.

(2) Any term of an agreement which purports to assign or waive a resale
royalty right is unenforceable.

Transmission of resale royalty right

9F.

(1) A resale royalty right may be transmitted on the death of the holder of the right in the following manner:

(a) The right passes to a person by testamentary disposition made by the
holder; or

(b) if there is no such direction by testamentary disposition by the holder,
by operation of law.

(2) In the case of a bequest of an artistic work by an author who did not
transfer authorship of that work in his or her lifetime, the bequest must be
read as including the resale royalty right.

(3) If a resale royalty right that passes to a person in accordance with
subsection (1)(a) may be exercised by two or more persons, the resale
royalty right may be exercised by each of them independently of the other:
Provided that if the resale royalty right is indivisible, the successors in title
of such right may not render the right commercially valueless.

(4) If resale royalties are recovered by a collecting society and an
indigenous community after the death of a holder of a resale royalty right,
those resale royalties must be treated as part of the estate of the deceased
holder.’’.

Amendment of section 12 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 11 of Act 125 of 1992 and section 54 of Act 38 of 1997

10. Section 12 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution for
subsection (1) of the following subsection:
‘‘(1)

(a) In addition to uses specifically authorised, fair use in respect of a work
or the performance of that work, for the following purposes, does not infringe
copyright in that work:
(i) Research, private study or personal use, including the use of a lawfully
possessed work at a different time or with a different device;
(ii) criticism or review of that work or of another work;
(iii) reporting current events;
(iv) scholarship, teaching and education;
(v) comment, illustration, parody, satire, caricature or pastiche;
(vi) preservation of and access to the collections of libraries, archives and
museums;
(vii) expanding access for underserved populations; and
(viii) ensuring proper performance of public administration.

(b) In determining whether an act done in relation to a work constitutes fair
dealing or fair use, all relevant factors shall be taken into account, including but not limited to :
(i) the nature of the work in question;
(ii) the amount and substantiality of the part of the work affected by the act in
relation to the whole of the work;
(iii) the purpose and character of the use, including whether: (aa) such use serves a purpose different from that of the work affected; and
(bb) it is of a commercial nature or for non-profit research, library or
educational purposes; and
(iv) the substitution effect of the act upon the potential market for the work in
question.

(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) and to the extent reasonably
practicable and appropriate, the source and the name of the author shall be
mentioned.’’.

Insertion of sections 12A and 12B in Act 98 of 1978

11. The following sections are hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 12:

‘‘General exceptions from copyright protection

12A.

(1) Copyright in a work shall not be infringed by any of the following acts:

(a) Any quotation, including a quotation from articles in a newspaper or
periodical, that is in the form of a summary of that work: Provided that the quotation shall be compatible with fair use in that the extent thereof shall not exceed the extent reasonably justified by the purpose:
Provided further that, to the extent that it is practicable, the source and the name of the author, if it appears on or in the work, shall be mentioned in the quotation;

(b) teaching or any illustration in a publication, broadcast, sound or visual
record: Provided that such use shall be compatible with fair practice in that the extent thereof shall not exceed the extent justified by the purpose: Provided further that, to the extent that it is practicable, the source and the name of the author, if it appears on or in the work, shall be mentioned in the act of teaching or in the illustration in question;

(c) the reproduction of such work by a broadcaster by means of its own
facilities where such reproduction or any copy of the reproduction is intended exclusively for lawful broadcasts of the broadcaster and is destroyed before the expiration of a period of six months immediately following the date of the making of the reproduction, or such longer period as may be agreed to by the owner of the relevant part of the copyright in the work: Provided that any such reproduction of a work may, if it is of an exceptional documentary nature, be preserved in the archives of the broadcaster, but shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, not be used for broadcasting or for any other purpose without the consent of the owner of the relevant part of the copyright in the work;

(d) the reproduction in the press or by broadcasting of a lecture, address or
other work of a similar nature which is delivered in public, if such reproduction or broadcast is for information purposes: Provided that the author of the lecture, address or other work so reproduced shall have the exclusive right of making a collection thereof;

(e) subject to the obligation to indicate the source and the name of the
author in so far as it is practicable : (i) the reproduction by the press, in a broadcast, transmission or other communication to the public of an article published in a newspaper or periodical on current economic, political or religious topics, and of broadcast works of the same character in cases in which the reproduction, broadcasting or such communication thereof is not expressly reserved;
(ii) the reporting of current events, or the reproduction and the broadcasting or communication to the public of excerpts of a work seen or heard in the course of those events, to the extent justified by the purpose; and
(iii) the reproduction in a newspaper or periodical, or the broadcasting or communication to the public, of a political speech, lecture, address, sermon or other work of a similar nature delivered in public, or a speech delivered during legal proceedings, to the extent justified by the purpose of providing current information;

(f) the translation of such work by a person giving or receiving instruction: Provided that:
(i) such translation is not done for commercial purposes;
(ii) such translation is used for personal, educational, teaching, judicial proceedings, research and professional advice purposes only; or
(iii) such work is translated and communicated to the public for non-commercial public information purposes;

(g) the use of such work in a bona fide demonstration of electronic equipment to a client by a dealer in such equipment;

(h) the use of such work is for the purposes of judicial proceedings or
preparing a report of judicial proceedings;

(i) the reasonable use of such work for the purposes of cartoon, parody, satire, pastiche, tribute or homage; and

(j) the making of a copy of such work by an individual of:
(i) the individual’s own copy of the work; or
(ii) a personal copy of the work made by the individual for the individual’s personal use and made for ends which are not commercial.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(j), permitted personal uses include:

(a) the making of a back-up copy;

(b) time or format-shifting; or

(c) the making of a copy for the purposes of storage, which storage may
include storage in an electronic storage area accessed by means of the
internet or similar means which is accessible only by the individual
and the person responsible for the storage area.

(3) The provisions of subsection (1) shall also apply with reference to the
making or use of an adaptation of a work and shall also include the right to
use the work either in its original language or in a different language.

(4) An authorisation to use a literary work as the basis for the making of a cinematograph film or audiovisual fixation, or as a contribution of the
literary work to such making, shall, in the absence of an agreement to the
contrary, include the right to broadcast such film or fixation.

Parallel importation

12B.

(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Act, the Trademark Act, 1993 (Act nº 194 of 1993), and the Counterfeit Goods Act, 1997 (Act nº 37 of 1997), the first sale of or other transfer of ownership of a transferred original or copy of a work in the Republic or outside the Republic, shall exhaust the rights of distribution and importation locally and internationally in respect of such transferred original or copy.’’.

Insertion of sections 13A and 13B in Act 98 of 1978

12. The following sections are hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 13:

‘‘Temporary reproduction and adaptation

13A.

(1) Any person may make transient or incidental copies of a work, including reformatting an integral and essential part of a technical process, if the purpose of those copies or adaptations is:

(a) to enable the transmission of the work in a network between third parties by an intermediary or any other lawful use of the work; or

(b) to adapt the work to allow use on different technological devices, such
as mobile devices, as long as there is no independent economic significance to these acts.

Reproduction for educational and academic activities

13B.

(1) Any person may make copies of works, recordings of works and
broadcasts in radio and television for the purposes of educational and
academic activities if the copying does not exceed the extent justified by the
purpose.

(2)

(a) Educational establishments may incorporate the copies made under subsection (1) in printed and electronic course packs, study packs, resource lists and in any other material to be used in a course of instruction or in virtual learning environments, managed learning environments, virtual research environments and library environments hosted on a secure network and accessible only by the persons giving and receiving instruction at or from the educational establishment making such copies.

(b) Establishments referred to in paragraph (a) shall not include all or
substantially all of a book or journal issue, unless a licence to do so is not
available from the author or collecting society, or representative if it is an
indigenous community, on reasonable terms and conditions.

(3) Any person receiving instruction may incorporate portions of works in printed or electronic form in assignments and portfolios, thesis and
dissertations for personal use and library deposit, including institutional
repositories.

(4)

(a) The author of a scientific or other contribution, which is the result of a research activity publicly-funded by at least 50 per cent and which has
appeared in a collection, has the right, even after granting the publisher or
editor an exclusive right of use, to make the contribution available to the
public under a public licence or by means of an open access institutional repository in the final accepted manuscript version peer-reviewed post print.

(b) In the case of a contribution published in a collection that is issued
periodically at least once per year, an agreement may provide for a delay in
the exercise of the author’s right for up to 12 months from the date of the
first periodical publication.

(d) Third parties, such as librarians, may carry out these activities on behalf of the author.

(e) Any agreement to the detriment of the author shall be void, except as
provided for in this section.

(5) The source of the work reproduced and the name of the author shall be indicated as far as is practicable on all copies made under subsections (1)
to (4).

(6) The permission under subsection (1) shall not extend to reproductions for commercial purposes but the permission shall include the reproduction of a whole textbook:

(a) where the textbook is out of print;

(b) where the owner of the right cannot be found; or

(c) where authorised copies of the same edition of the text book are not for
sale in the country or cannot be obtained at a price reasonably related
to that normally charged in the country for comparable works.’’.

Amendment of section 16 of Act 98 of 1978, as substituted by section 14 of Act 125 of 1992

13. Section 16 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the deletion of
subsection (1).

Repeal of section 17 of Act 98 of 1978

14. Section 17 of the principal Act is hereby repealed.

Repeal of section 18 of Act 98 of 1978

15. Section 18 of the principal Act is hereby repealed.

Repeal of section 19A of Act 98 of 1978

16. Section 19A of the principal Act is hereby repealed.

Substitution of section 19B of Act 98 of 1978, as inserted by section 18 of Act 125 of 1992

17. The following section is hereby substituted for section 19B of the principal Act:

‘‘General exceptions regarding protection of computer programs

19B.

(1) A person having a right to use a copy of a computer program may, without the authorisation of the rights holder, observe, study or test the functioning of the program in order to determine the ideas and principles which underlie any element of the program if that person does so while performing any of the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting or storing the program which he or she is entitled to perform.

(2) The authorisation of the rights holder shall not be required where
reproduction of the code and translation of its form are indispensable in order to obtain the information necessary to achieve the interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, if the following conditions are met:

(a) The acts referred to in subsection (1) are performed by the licensee or
another person having a right to use a copy of the program, or on their
behalf by a person authorised to do so;

(b) the information necessary to achieve interoperability has not previously
been readily available to the persons referred to in paragraph (a); and

(c) those acts are confined to the parts of the original program which are
necessary in order to achieve interoperability.

(3) The information obtained through the application of the provisions of
subsection (2) may not be:

(a) used for goals other than those to achieve the interoperability of the
independently created computer program;

(b) given to others except when necessary for the interoperability of the
independently created computer program;

(c) used for the development, production or marketing of a computer
program substantially similar in its expression to the program contemplated in subsection (1); or

(d) used for any other act which infringes copyright.

(4) For the purposes of this section, ‘‘ ‘interoperability’ means the ability to exchange information and to use the information which has been
exchanged.’’.

Insertion of sections 19C and 19D in Act 98 of 1978

18. The following sections are hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 19B:

‘‘General exceptions regarding protection of copyright work for libraries, archives, museums and galleries

19C.

(1) A library, archive, museum or gallery may, without the authorisation of the copyright owner, use a copyright work to the extent appropriate to its activities in accordance with subsections (2) to (13) if the work is not used for commercial purposes.

(2) A library, archive, museum or gallery may lend a copyright work
incorporated in tangible media to a user or to another institution.

(3) A library, archive, museum or gallery may provide temporary access to a copyright work in digital or other intangible media, to which it has lawful access, to a user or to another library.

(4) A library, archive, museum or gallery may, for educational or research
purposes, permit a user to view a whole film or audiovisual fixation, listen
to a full digital video disc, compact disc or other sound recording or musical
work on its premises, in an institutional classroom or lecture theatre, or
view such film or fixation or listen to such digital video disc, compact disc or other sound recording or musical work by means of a secure computer
network, without permission from rights owners, but may not permit a user to make a copy or recording of the work for commercial purposes.

(5) A library, archive, museum or gallery may make:

(a) a copy of any work in its collection for the purposes of back-up and
preservation; and

(b) copies of publicly accessible websites for the purposes of preservation.

(6) If a work or a copy of such work in the collection of a library, archive,
museum or gallery is incomplete, such library, archive, museum or gallery
may make or procure a copy of the missing parts from another institution.

(7) A library, archive, museum or gallery may, without the consent of the
author, engage in format-shifting or conversion of works from ageing or
obsolete technologies to new technologies in order to preserve the works
for perpetuity, and to make the resulting copies accessible consistent with
this section.

(8) This Act does not prevent the making of copies in accordance with
section 5 of the Legal Deposit Act, 1997 (Act nº 54 of 1997).

(9) A library, archive, museum or gallery may make a copy of a copyright
work when the permission of the author or other owner of copyright,
collecting society or representative of the indigenous community concerned
cannot after reasonable endeavour be obtained or where the work is not available by general trade or from the publisher.

(10) Notwithstanding any other section, a library, archive, museum or gallery may buy, import or otherwise acquire any copyright work that is legally available in any country.

(11) A library, archive, museum or gallery may reproduce in any format any copyright work which has been retracted or withdrawn from public access, but which has previously been communicated to the public or made available to the public by the author or other rights holder, and make such work available for preservation, research or any other legal use.

(12)

(a) A library, archive, museum or gallery may make a copy of any copyright work and make it available for institutional or public exhibition of a non-profit nature for the purposes of commemorating any historical or cultural event or for educational and research purposes.

(b) A library, archive, museum or gallery contemplated in paragraph (a)
may also, for the purposes of that paragraph:
(i) take and show a photograph of such work or show video footage of such work;
(ii) create other images such as paintings of buildings; or
(iii) photograph artworks on public buildings such as wall art and graffiti,
memorial sites, sculptures and other artworks which are permanently located in a public place.

(13)

(a) Subject to paragraph (b), a library may supply to any other library with a copy of a copyright work in its collection, whether by post, fax or secure electronic transmission.

(b) The receiving library must delete any electronic file received from the
other library immediately after supplying the patron who has requested it
with an electronic or paper copy of the work.

(14) An institutional officer or employee acting within the scope of his or her duties, shall be protected from any claim for damages, from criminal liability and from copyright infringement when the duty is performed in good faith and where there are reasonable grounds for believing that:

(a) the work is being used as permitted within the scope of an exception in this Act or in a way that is not restricted by copyright; or

(b) the copyright work, or material protected by related rights, is in the public domain or licensed to the public under a public or open licence.

(15) Nothing in this section shall diminish any rights that a library, archive, museum or gallery otherwise enjoy pursuant to other provisions of this Act, including those in sections 12 and 12A: Provided that, in exercising rights provided for in this section or elsewhere in the Act, such library, archive, museum or gallery shall take reasonable steps to ensure that any digital copy supplied by it is accompanied by information concerning the appropriate use of that copy.

General exceptions regarding protection of copyright work for persons
with disability

19D.

(1) Any person may, without the authorisation of the author, make an accessible format copy for the benefit of a person with a disability, supply that accessible format copy to a person with a disability by any means, including by non-commercial lending or by electronic communication by wire or wireless means, and undertake any intermediate steps to achieve these objectives, if the following conditions are met:

(a) The person wishing to undertake any activity under this subsection must have lawful access to the copyright work or a copy of that work;

(b) the copyright work must be converted into an accessible format copy,
which may include any means necessary to create such accessible format copy but which does not introduce changes other than those needed to make the work accessible to a person with a disability; and

(2)

(a) A person with a disability to whom the work is communicated by wire or wireless means as a result of an activity under subsection (1) may, without the authorisation of the author of the copyright work, reproduce the work for personal use.

(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) are without prejudice to any other
limitations or exceptions that the person referred to in that paragraph may
enjoy.

(3) A person with a disability or an organisation that serves persons with
disabilities may, without the authorisation of the author, export to or import
from another country any copy of an accessible format copy of a work
referred to in subsection (1), as long as such activity is undertaken on a
non-profit basis by that person or organisation.

(4) The exception created by this section is subject to the obligation of
indicating the source and the name of the author on any accessible format
copy in so far as it is practicable.’’.

Amendment of section 20 of Act 98 of 1978, as substituted by section 19 of Act 125 of 1992

19. Section 20 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the substitution for subsections (1) and (2) of the following subsections,
respectively:
‘‘(1) Notwithstanding the transfer of the copyright in a [literary, musical or artistic work, in a cinematograph film or in a computer program] work, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work, subject to the provisions of this Act, and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the work where such action is or would be prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author: Provided that an author who authorizes the use of his or her work in a sound recording or cinematograph film or [a television broadcast] audiovisual fixation an author of a computer program or a work associated with a computer program may not prevent or object to modifications that are absolutely necessary on technical grounds or for the purpose of commercial exploitation of the work.

(2) Any infringement of the provisions of this section shall be treated as an infringement of copyright under Chapter 2, [and] except that, for the purposes of the provisions of the said Chapter, the author shall be deemed [to be] to have the right to complain of any infringement, rather than the owner of the copyright in question.’’; and

(b) by the addition of the following subsections:

‘‘(3) A right contemplated in subsection (1) lapses on the date of the death of the author of the work, if any, and in the case of works created by more than one author the right lapses on the date of the death of the author who dies last.

(4) A right contemplated in subsection (1) is non-transferable and, where applicable, limitations and exceptions provided for in this Act, including those specified in sections 12 and 12A, shall apply to this section with the changes required by the context.’’.

Amendment of section 21 of Act 98 of 1978, as substituted by section 9 of Act 56 of 1980

20. Section 21 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the substitution in subsection (1) for paragraph (c) of the following paragraph:
‘‘(c) Where a person commissions the taking of a photograph, the painting or
drawing of a portrait, the making of a gravure, the making of a cinematograph film or audiovisual fixation or the making of a sound recording and pays or agrees to pay for it in money or money’s worth, and the work is made in pursuance of that commission, [such person shall, subject to the provisions of paragraph (b), be the owner of any copyright subsisting therein by virtue of section 3 or 4] the ownership of any copyright subsisting in the work shall be governed by contract:
Provided that in the absence of valid contract, ownership shall vest in the person commissioning the work and the author of the work shall have a licence to exercise any right which by virtue of this Act would, apart from the licence, be exercisable exclusively by such author.’’

Amendment of section 22 of Act 98 of 1978

21. Section 22 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection:
‘‘(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, copyright shall be
transmissible as movable property by assignment, testamentary disposition
or operation of law: Provided that copyright owned by, vested in or under the custody of the state may not be assigned.’’;

(b) by the substitution for subsections (3) and (4) of the following subsections,
respectively:
‘‘(3) No assignment of copyright and no exclusive licence to do an act which is subject to copyright shall have effect unless it is in writing signed by or on behalf of the assignor, the [licenser] licensor or, in the case of an exclusive [principal act] sub-licence, the exclusive [sublicenser, as the case may be] sub-licensor, as stipulated in Schedule 2:
Provided that assignment of copyright shall be valid for a period of 25 years from the date of agreement of such assignment.
(4) A non-exclusive licence to do an act which is subject to copyright may be [written or oral] verbal or in writing, or may be inferred from conduct, and may be revoked at any time: Provided that such a licence granted [by contract] in writing or its electronic equivalent shall not be revoked, either by the person who granted the licence or his or her successor in title, except as the contract may provide, [or by a further contract] by a further contract or by operation of law.’’; and

(c) by the substitution for subsection (8) of the following subsection:
‘‘(8) Unless otherwise prohibited from doing so, a licensee may grant a sub-licence for the doing of any act that falls within the terms of the licence, including any implied term, without the consent of the original licensor.’’

Insertion of section 22A in Act 98 of 1978

22. The following section is hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 22:

‘‘Assignment and licences in respect of orphan works

22A.

(1) A person who wishes to obtain a licence to do an act which is subject to copyright in respect of an orphan work must make an application to the Commission in the prescribed manner.

(2) Before making an application in terms of subsection (1), the applicant
must publish his or her intention to make such application by notice in the
Gazette and in English and any other official language in two daily
newspapers having general circulation throughout the national territory of
the Republic.

(3) An application in terms of subsection (1) must be made in such form
as may be prescribed and must be accompanied by copies of the published
advertisement contemplated in subsection (2) and such fee as may be
prescribed.

(4) When the Commission receives an application in terms of subsection
(1), the Commission may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed,
grant to the applicant a licence to perform any act which is subject to
copyright, subject to subsections (5) and (6) and the payment of a royalty.

(5) A licence issued in terms of subsection (4) is non-exclusive and is
subject to such terms and conditions as the Commission may determine.

(6) The Commission may not issue the licence in terms of subsection (4)
unless the Commission is satisfied that the applicant has undertaken the
following steps in locating the copyright author:

(a) Conducted a search of the database of the register of copyright maintained by the Commission that is available to the public through either the internet or any other means relevant to identifying and locating registered copyright authors;

(b) conducted a search of reasonably available sources of copyright
authorship and authorship information and where appropriate, licensor
information;

(c) conducted a search using appropriate technology tools, printed
publications and enlisted, where reasonable, internal or external expert
assistance;

(d) conducted a search using any other database available to the public,
including any database that is available to the public through the
internet; and

(e) undertaken actions that are reasonable and appropriate in terms of the
facts relevant to the search, including:
(i) actions based on facts known at the start of the search and facts
uncovered during the search;
(ii) actions directed by the Commission; and
(iii) the review of any records not available to the public through the internet that are known to be useful in identifying and locating the copyright author.

(7) Where a licence is granted in terms of subsection (4), the Commission
may direct the applicant to deposit the amount of the royalty determined in
a particular account so as to enable the author of the copyright or, as the
case may be, his or her heirs, executors or legal representatives to claim
such royalty at any time.

(8) The copyright author may, not later than five years after the expiration
of a licence issued in terms of this section, collect the royalties fixed in the
licence or in default of payment by initiating a legal suit to recover such
royalties.

(9) Any person who can adduce evidence for the purposes of proving that
he or she is the author of an orphan work, may have the copyrighted work
returned to him or her with a claim in law to recover any fees that accrued
to the copyright work after such return.’’.

Insertion of Chapter 1A in Act 98 of 1978

23. The following Chapter is hereby inserted in the principal Act after Chapter 1:

‘‘CHAPTER 1A.- COLLECTING SOCIETIES

Registration

22B.

(1) Any person who intends to act as a representative collecting
society by:

(a) administering rights on behalf of any copyright owners or authors or
on behalf of an organisation representing copyright authors, has the
right to receive payment of a royalty in terms of this Act; or

(b) administering rights on behalf of performers or owners, on behalf of a
performers’ or owners’ organisation, has the right to receive payment of a royalty in terms of section 5(1)(b) of the Performers’ Protection Act, 1967 (Act nº 11 of 1967), and must be registered and accredited by the Commission.

(2) Any person contemplated in subsection (1)(b) may, in the prescribed
manner, lodge a written application with the Commission for registration.

(3) The Commission may, for purposes of issuing a registration certificate, consult with any person and may grant such registration and issue a registration certificate on such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Commission.

(4) The Commission shall not register and issue a registration certificate
to any applicant unless the Commission is satisfied that:

(a) having scrutinised the application and supporting documents, the
applicant is able to ensure adequate, efficient and effective administration
relating to collection of royalties; and

(b) the applicant may satisfactorily comply with any condition for accreditation and the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2008 (Act nº 71 of 2008), the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2013 (Act nº 46 of 2013), and any other applicable legislation.

(5) A registration certificate issued in terms of this section is valid for a
period not exceeding five years and, unless it is suspended or cancelled,
may, in the prescribed manner, be renewed on such terms and conditions as
may be determined by the Commission.

(6) The Commission shall only register one collecting society for each
right or related right granted under copyright.

(7) Where there is no collecting society for a right or related right granted
under copyright, the user, performer, owner, producer or author may enter
into such contractual arrangements as may be prescribed.

Administration of rights by collecting society

22C. (1) Subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed:

(a) a collecting society or Community Trust may accept from a user,
performer, owner, producer, author, community trust or another
collecting society of rights exclusive authorisation to administer any
right in any work by the issuing of licences or the collecting of licence
fees, or both; and

(b) a user, performer, owner, producer, author, community trust or other
collecting society of rights may withdraw such authorisation without
prejudice to the right of the collecting society or Community Trust
concerned.

(2) A collecting society may:

(a) enter into an agreement with any foreign society or organisation
administering rights corresponding to rights that the collecting society
administer under this Act; and

(b) entrust to such foreign society or organisation the administration in the
foreign country in question of rights administered by the said collecting society in the Republic: Provided that no such collecting society, foreign society or organisation shall permit any discrimination in respect of the terms of a licence or the distribution of royalties collected.

(3) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, a collecting society
may:

(a) issue a licence in respect of any rights under this Act;

(b) collect royalties in pursuance of such a licence;

(c) distribute such collected royalties among users, performers, owners,
producers, authors, community trusts or collecting societies of rights
after deducting a prescribed amount from the collected royalties for its
own expenses;

(d) perform any other prescribed function; and

(e) negotiate royalty rates with publishers.

Control of collecting society or Community Trust by users, performers,
owners, producers or authors of rights

2D.

(1) A collecting society or Community Trust is subject to the control
of the users, performers, owners, producers or authors of rights under this
Act whose rights that collecting society or Community Trust administers,
and the collecting society or Community Trust shall, in such manner as may
be prescribed:

(a) obtain the approval of those users, performers, owners, producers or
authors of rights for its procedures of collection and distribution of
royalties;

(b) obtain the approval of those authors for the utilisation of any amounts
collected as royalties for any purpose other than the distribution of the
royalties to the user, performer, owner, producer or author of rights; and

(c) provide to those users, performers, owners, producers or authors
regular, full and detailed information concerning all the activities of
the collecting society in respect of the administration of the rights of
those authors.

(2) Royalties distributed among the authors of rights shall, as far as may
be possible, be distributed in proportion to the actual use of their works.

Submission of returns and reports

22E.

(1) A collecting society or Community Trust shall submit to the
Commission at the prescribed time such returns and reports as may be
prescribed.

(2) The Commission may call for a report and specific records from a
collecting society for the purposes of satisfying the Commission that:

(a) the affairs of the collecting society are conducted in a manner
consistent with the registration conditions of that collecting society; or

(b) the royalties collected by the collecting society in respect of rights
administered by that collecting society are being utilised or distributed
in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

Suspension and cancellation of registration of collecting society

22F.

(1) The Commission may issue a compliance notice or apply to the
Tribunal for an order to institute an inquiry into the affairs of a collecting
society, if the Commission is satisfied that the collecting society is being
managed in a manner that contravenes the registration conditions of that
collecting society or is managed in a manner detrimental to the interests of
the authors of rights concerned.

(2) The Commission may, if it is of the opinion that it will be in the interest of the authors of rights concerned, apply to the Tribunal for an order suspending the registration of such collecting society pending an inquiry for such period as may be specified in the order.

(3) The Commission may, after such inquiry and if it is of the opinion that it will be in the interest of the authors of rights concerned, apply to the Tribunal for an order of cancellation of the registration of the collecting society in question.

(4) The Commission shall be responsible for the administration and
discharge of the functions of the collecting society during the period of
suspension or cancellation of the registration of the collecting society in
question following the order of the Tribunal: Provided that the Tribunal
may, on application by the Commission, appoint any suitable person to
assist the Commission in the administration and discharging of the
functions of that collecting society.’’.

Amendment of section 23 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 20 of Act 125 of 1992

24. Section 23 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection:
‘‘(1) Copyright shall be infringed by any person[,]:
(a) not being the owner of the copyright, who, without the licence of such owner, does or causes any other person to do, in the Republic, any act which the owner has the exclusive right to do or to authorise;
(b) who tampers with any information kept by any other person in order to administer copyright in terms of this Act;
(c) who omits to pay the performer, owner, producer or author of copyright work a royalty fee as and when the copyright work is used;
(d) who omits to pay the author of artistic work a royalty fee as prescribed by this Act as and when the artistic work is sold;
(e) who misuses copyright and technological protection measures in order to constitute a defence to any claim of copyright liability or any independent cause of action that may be pursued either as a counterclaim in an action for infringement or instituted independently.’’; and

(b) by the deletion in subsection (2) of paragraph (b).

Amendment of section 27 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 11 of Act 52 of 1984, section 3 of Act 61 of 1989 and section 24 of Act 125 of 1992

25. Section 27 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the addition of the following subsection:

‘‘(7) Any person who, at the time when copyright subsists in a work that is
protected by a technological protection measure applied by the owner of the
copyright:

(a) make, import, sell, distribute, let for hire, offer or expose for sale or hire or
advertise for sale or hire, a technological protection measure circumvention
device if:
(i) such person knows, or has reason to believe, that that device will or is
likely to be used to infringe copyright in a work protected by a technological protection measure;
(ii) such person provides a service to another person to enable or assist such
other person to circumvent a technological protection measure; or
(iii) such person knows or has reason to believe that the service contemplated
in subparagraph (ii) will or is likely to be used by another person to infringe copyright in a work protected by a technological protection measure;

(b) publishes information enabling or assisting any other person to circumvent a technological protection measure with the intention of inciting another person to unlawfully circumvent a technological protection measure in the Republic; or

(c) circumvent such technological protection measure when he or she is not
authorised to do so, shall be guilty of an offence and shall upon conviction be liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both a fine and such imprisonment.’’.

Amendment of section 28 of Act 98 of 1978, as substituted by section 12 of Act 52 of 1984 and amended by section 25 of Act 125 of 1992

26. Section 28 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the substitution for subsection (2) of the following subsection:
‘‘(2) This section shall apply to any copy of the work in question made
outside the [Republic which if it had been made in the Republic would be an infringing copy of the work] Republic, if the making of such copy constituted an infringement of copyright in the country in which the work was made.’’; and

(b) by the substitution for subsection (5) of the following subsection:
‘‘(5) This section shall [mutatis mutandis], with the necessary changes, apply with reference to an exclusive licensee who has the right to import into the Republic any work published elsewhere, which would be an infringing copy of the work in the country in which it was made.’’.

Insertion of sections 28O to 28S in Act 98 of 1978

27. The following section is hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 28N:

‘‘Prohibited conduct in respect of technological protection measures

28O. (1) No person may make, import, sell, distribute, let for hire, offer or expose for sale, hire or advertise for sale a technological protection measure circumvention device if such a person knows or has reason to believe that it will or is likely to be used to infringe copyright in a technologically protected work.

(2) No person may provide a service to any other person if:

(a) such other person intends to use the service to circumvent an effective
technological protection measure; or

(b) such person knows or has reason to believe that the service will or is
likely to be used by another person to infringe copyright in a
technologically protected work.

(3) No person may publish information enabling or assisting another
person to circumvent an effective technological protection measure with the
specific intention of inciting another person to unlawfully circumvent a
technological protection measure in the Republic.

(4) No person may, during the subsistence of copyright in a work and
without a licence of the author of the copyright in such work, circumvent an
effective technological protection measure applied by the author of the
copyright to such work.

(5) A technological protection measure shall be deemed to be effective if
the use of the work is controlled by the author, exclusive licensee or person
assigned copyright in such work through the application of an access
control or protection process, such as encryption, scrambling or other
transformation of the work or a copy control mechanism which achieves the
protection objective.

(6) The provisions of this section must be read together with the provisions of sections 86, 87 and 88 of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 (Act nº 25 of 2002).

Exceptions in respect of technological protection measure

28P.

(1) For the purposes of this Act and of section 86 of the Electronic
Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 (Act nº 25 of 2002), nothing
in this Act shall prevent any person from using a technological protection
measure circumvention device to perform any of the following:

(a) An act permitted in terms of any exception provided for in this Act; or

(b) the sale, offer to sell, procurement for use, design, adaptation for use,
distribution or possession of any device or data, including a computer
program or a component, which is designed primarily to overcome security measures for the protection of data in order to enable the performance of any act permitted in terms of paragraph (a).

(2) A person or user of a technologically protected work who wishes to
circumvent a technological protection measure so as to perform a permitted
act contemplated in subsection (1) but cannot practically do so because of
such technological protection measure, may:

(a) apply to the copyright author for assistance to enable such person or
user to circumvent such technological protection measure in order to
perform such permitted act; or

(b) if the copyright author has refused such person’s or user’s request or
has failed to respond to it within reasonable time, engage the services
of any other person for assistance to enable such person or user to
circumvent such technological protection measure in order to perform
such permitted act.

(3) The person or user engaging the services of another person for
assistance to enable such person or user to circumvent a technological
measure in terms of subsection (2)(b) shall maintain a complete record of
the particulars of the:

(a) other person, including his or her name, address and all other relevant
information necessary to identify him or her; and

(b) purpose for which the services of such other person has been engaged.

Enforcement by Commission

28Q. The Commission must enforce this Act by:

(a) performing all the relevant functions contemplated in section 187 of
the Companies Act in respect of this Act;

(b) referring matters to and appearing before the Tribunal; and

Prohibited conduct in respect of copyright management information

28R. No person may:

(a) in respect of any copy of a work, remove or modify any copyright
management information; and

(b) in the course of business make, import, sell, let for hire, offer or expose
for sale, advertise for sale or hire a copy of a work if any copyright
management information has been removed or modified without the
authority of the copyright author.

Exceptions in respect of copyright management information

28S. The prohibition in section 28R does not apply if a person:

(a) is authorised by the user, performer, owner, producer or author to
remove or modify the copyright management information;

(b) does not know and has no reason to believe that the removal or
modification of the copyright management information will induce,
enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the
work; or

(c) does not know or has no reason to believe that the copyright
management information has been removed or modified without the
authority of the copyright user, performer, owner, producer or
author.’’.

Substitution of heading of Chapter 3 of Act 98 of 1978

28. The following heading is hereby substituted for the heading of Chapter 3 of the principal Act:

‘‘[COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL] REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT
AGENCIES’’.

Substitution of section 29 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 26 of Act 125 of 1992

29. The following section is hereby substituted for section 29 of the principal Act:

‘‘Establishment of Tribunal

29.

(1) There is hereby established a juristic person to be known as the
Intellectual Property Tribunal, which:

(a) has jurisdiction throughout the Republic;

(b) is independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law; and

(2) Each organ of state must assist the Tribunal to maintain its
independence and impartiality, and to perform its functions effectively.

(3) In carrying out its functions, the Tribunal may:

(a) have regard to international developments in the intellectual property
arena; and

(b) consult any person, organisation or institution with regard to any
matter within its jurisdiction.

(4) The Tribunal consists of a chairperson, deputy chairperson and not
less than nine members appointed by the Minister, on a full-time or
part-time basis.’’

Insertion of sections 29A to 29S in Act 98 of 1978

30. The following sections are hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 29:

‘‘Functions of Tribunal

29A.

(1) The Tribunal must carry out the functions entrusted to it in terms
of this Act or any other legislation.

(2) The Tribunal may:

(a) adjudicate any application or referral made to it in terms of this Act,
the Companies Act or any other relevant legislation, and may make
any appropriate order in respect of an application or referral;

(b) only hear matters referred to it by the Commission, a dispute
resolution institution or any regulatory authority, if the dispute relates
to intellectual property rights;

(c) review any decision of the Commission, dispute resolution institution
or any regulatory authority if it relates to intellectual property rights;

(d) adjudicate any application or referral made to it by any person,
institution or regulatory authority where the dispute can only be
directly referred to the Tribunal in terms of this Act and such dispute
relates to intellectual property rights; and

(e) settle disputes relating to payment of royalties or terms of agreements
entered into as required by this Act or agreements entered into in order
to regulate any other matter in relation to intellectual property rights.

Appointment of members of Tribunal

29B.

(1) The Minister must appoint as members of the Tribunal persons
who have adequate and appropriate qualifications and experience in
economics, law, commerce or public affairs.

(2) The Minister must designate a member of the Tribunal as chairperson
and another member as deputy chairperson of the Tribunal.

(3) The deputy chairperson shall perform the functions of the chairperson
whenever:

(a) the office of chairperson is vacant; or

(b) the chairperson is for any other reason temporarily unable to perform
those functions.

(4) The Minister, in consultation with the Minister of Finance, must
determine the remuneration, allowances, benefits and other terms and
conditions of employment of members of the Tribunal.

Qualifications for appointment

29C.

(1) To be eligible for appointment as a member of the Tribunal and to continue to hold that office, a person must, in addition to satisfying any other specific requirements set out in this Act:

(a) not be subject to any disqualification set out in subsection (2); and

(b) have submitted to the Minister a written declaration stating that he or
she is not disqualified in terms of subsection (2).

(2) A person may not be appointed or continue to be a member of the
Tribunal, if that person:

(a) is an office-bearer of any political party, political movement or
political organisation;

(b) has or through a related person acquires a personal financial interest
that may conflict or interfere with the proper performance of the duties of a member of the Tribunal;

(d) is subject to an order of court holding that person to be mentally unfit or disordered;

(e) has been found in any civil or criminal proceedings by a court of law,
whether in the Republic or elsewhere, to have acted fraudulently,
dishonourably, in breach of a fiduciary duty or of any other offence for which such person has been sentenced to direct imprisonment without the option of a fine;

(f) has been removed from a position of trust; or

(g) has at any time found to be in contravention of this Act.

Terms of office of members of Tribunal

29D.

(1) Each member of the Tribunal, including the chairperson and deputy chairperson, serves for a term of five years which may be renewed
only once for a further period of five years.

(2) The chairperson may, on one month written notice addressed to the
Minister:

(a) resign from the Tribunal; or

(b) resign as chairperson, but remain as a member of the Tribunal.

(3) A member of the Tribunal other than the chairperson may resign by
giving at least one month written notice to the Minister.

(4) In the event of the expiry of the term of office of a member of the
Tribunal, the member has a matter pending for adjudication before the
Tribunal, the member may continue to act as a member in respect of that
matter only.

Removal or suspension of members of Tribunal

29E. The Minister may, at any time, remove or suspend a member of the
Tribunal from office if such a member:

(a) becomes subject to any of the disqualifications referred to in section
29C(2);

(b) repeatedly fails to perform the duties of the Tribunal;

(d) is found guilty of a serious misconduct; or

(e) engages in any activity that may undermine the integrity of the Tribunal.

Conflict and disclosure of interest

29F.

(1) A member of the Tribunal may not represent any person before
the Tribunal.

(2) If, during a hearing in which a member of the Tribunal is participating, it appears to the member that the matter concerns a financial or other interest of the member contemplated in section 29C(2)(b), the member must:

(a) immediately and fully disclose the fact and nature of such interest to the chairperson, deputy chairperson and the presiding member at that hearing, as the case may be; and

(b) withdraw from any further involvement in that hearing.

(3) A member must not:

(a) make private use of or profit from confidential information obtained as
a result of performing his or her official duties as a member of the Tribunal; or

(b) divulge any information referred to in paragraph (a) to a third party, except as required and as part of the official functions as a member of the Tribunal.

Proceedings of Tribunal

29G.

(1) The chairperson is responsible for managing the case files of the
Tribunal, and must, taking into account the complexity of a matter, assign
the matter to:

(a) a member of the Tribunal; or

(b) a panel composed of any three members of the Tribunal.

(2) When assigning a matter to a panel in terms of subsection (1)(b), the
chairperson must:

(a) ensure that at least one member of the panel is a person with suitable
legal qualifications and experience; and

(b) designate a member of the panel to preside over the proceedings of the
Tribunal.

(3) If a member of the panel is unable to complete the proceedings in a
matter assigned to that panel due to resignation, illness, death, removal,
suspension or withdrawal from a hearing in terms of this Act, the
chairperson may:

(a) direct that the hearing of that matter proceed before the remaining
members of the panel, subject to the requirements of subsection (2)(a); or

(b) terminate the proceedings before that panel and constitute a new panel
which may include any member of the original panel and direct the new panel to conduct the hearing afresh.

(4) The decision of a Tribunal on a matter referred to it must be in writing
and must include reasons for that decision.

(5) A decision of a single member of the Tribunal hearing a matter in terms of subsection (1)(a), or of a majority of the members of a panel in any other case, is the decision of the Tribunal.

(6) A decision, judgment or order of the Tribunal may be served, executed and enforced as if it were an order of the High Court and is binding subject to review or appeal to a High Court.

Hearings before Tribunal

29H.

(1) The Tribunal must conduct its hearings in public:

(a) in an inquisitorial manner;

(b) as expeditiously as possible;

(d) in accordance with the principles of natural justice.

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), a Tribunal member
presiding at a hearing may exclude members of the public, specific persons
or categories of persons from attending the hearing if:

(a) evidence to be presented is confidential information, but only to the
extent that the information cannot otherwise be protected;

(b) the proper conduct of the hearing requires it; or

Right to participate in hearing

29I. The following persons may participate in a hearing before the
Tribunal, in person or through a representative, and may put questions to
witnesses and inspect any books, documents or items presented at the
hearing:

(a) The Commission;

(b) the applicant, complainant and respondent; and

(c) any other person who has a material interest in the hearing, unless, in
the opinion of the presiding member of the Tribunal, such interest is
adequately represented by any other person participating at the hearing.

Powers of member presiding at hearing

29J. The member of the Tribunal presiding at a hearing may:

(a) direct or summon any person to appear before the Tribunal at any
specified time and place;

(b) question any person under oath or affirmation;

(c) summon or order any person to:
(i) produce any book, document or item necessary for the purposes of the hearing; or (ii) perform any other act in relation to this Act; and

(d) give direction prohibiting or restricting the publication of any evidence adduced during a Tribunal hearing.

Rules of procedure

29K. Subject to the rules of procedure of the Tribunal, a member of the
Tribunal presiding at a hearing may determine any matter of procedure for
that hearing, with due regard to the circumstances of the case and the
requirements of the applicable provision of this Act.

Appeals and reviews

29L.

(1) A participant in a hearing before a single member of the Tribunal may appeal against the decision of that member to a full panel of the Tribunal.
(2) Subject to the rules of the High Court, a participant in a hearing before a full panel of the Tribunal may:

(a) apply to the High Court to review the decision of the Tribunal; or

(b) appeal to the High Court against the decision of the Tribunal.

Interim relief

29M.

(1) Any person may apply at any time, whether or not a hearing has
commenced, to the Tribunal for an interim order in respect of the matter
before the Tribunal.

(2) The Tribunal may grant such an order if:

(a) there is prima facie evidence that the allegations may be true;

(b) an interim order is reasonably necessary to:
(i) prevent serious, irreparable damage to that person; or
(ii) prevent the purposes of this Act from being frustrated;

(c) the respondent has been given a reasonable opportunity to be heard,
having regard to the urgency of the proceedings; and

(d) the balance of convenience favours the granting of the order.

(3) An interim order in terms of this section must not extend beyond the
earlier of:

(a) the date of the conclusion of a hearing into the matter before the
Tribunal; or

(b) six months after the date of the issue of the interim order extension of
that order in terms of subsection (4).

(4) If an interim order has been granted and a hearing into that matter has
not been concluded within six months after the date of that order, the
Tribunal may, on good cause shown, extend the interim order for a further
period not exceeding six months.

Orders of Tribunal

29N. In addition to the powers in terms of this Act and the Companies
Act, the Tribunal may make any appropriate order in relation to a matter
brought before it, including:

(a) declaring particular conduct to constitute an infringement of this Act
and as such prohibited;

(b) interdicting conduct which constitutes an infringement of this Act;

(c) imposing an administrative fine in terms of section 175 of the
Companies Act, with or without the addition of any other order in
terms of this Act;

(d) confirming a consent agreement in terms of section 173 of the
Companies Act as an order of the Tribunal;

(e) condoning any non-compliance of its rules and procedures on good
cause shown;

(f) confirming an order against an unregistered person to cease engaging
in any activity that is required to be registered in terms of this Act;

(g) suspending or cancelling the registrant’s registration or accreditation
subject to any such terms and conditions the Tribunal deems fit; or

(h) any other appropriate order required to give effect to a right
contemplated in this Act or any other relevant legislation.

Witnesses

29O.

(1) Every person giving evidence at a hearing of the Tribunal must
answer any relevant question.

(2) The law regarding a witness’s privilege in a criminal case in a court
of law applies to a person giving evidence at a hearing of the Tribunal.

(3) The Tribunal may order a person to answer any question or to produce
any article or document, even if it is self-incriminating to do so.

Costs

29P.

(1) Subject to subsection (2), each party participating in a hearing of
the Tribunal shall bear its own costs.

(2) If the Tribunal:

(a) has not made a finding against a respondent, the member of the
Tribunal presiding at the hearing may award costs to the respondent
and against a complainant who referred the complaint to the Tribunal; or

(b) has made a finding against a respondent, a member of the Tribunal
presiding at a hearing may award costs against the respondent and to
a complainant who referred the complaint to the Tribunal.

Appointment of staff of Tribunal

29Q. The Chairperson or any delegated member of the Tribunal may:

(a) appoint staff and enter into an agreement with or hire independent
contractors to assist the Tribunal in carrying out its functions; and

(b) in consultation with the Minister and the Minister of Finance,
determine the remuneration, allowances, benefits and other terms and
conditions of members of staff of the Tribunal or those contracted or
hired to assist the Tribunal.

Finances

29R.

(1) The Tribunal is financed from:

(a) money appropriated by Parliament;

(b) any fees or fines payable in terms of this Act or any relevant legislation;

(d) other money accruing from any source.

(2) The Tribunal may invest or deposit money that is not immediately
required for contingencies or to meet current expenditures:

(a) on a call or short-term fixed deposit with any registered bank or
financial institution in the Republic; or

(b) in an investment account with the Corporation for Public Deposits
established by section 2 of the Corporation for Public Deposits Act,
1984 (Act nº 46 of 1984).

Reviews and reports to Minister

29S.

(1) The Minister may, at any time, conduct an audit review of the
performance by the Tribunal of its functions.

(2) In addition to any other reporting requirement set out in this Act or
any other legislation, the Tribunal must report to the Minister annually on
its performance and activities as required by the Public Finance Management
Act, 1999 (Act nº 1 of 1999).

(3) As soon as practicable after receiving a report of a review contemplated in subsection (1), or after receiving a report contemplated in subsection (2), the Minister must transmit and table a copy of the report in Parliament.’’.

Repeal of sections 30, 31, 32, 33 and 36 of Act 98 of 1978

31. Sections 30, 31, 32, 33 and 36 of the principal Act are hereby repealed.

Amendment of section 39 of Act 98 of 1978, as amended by section 4 of Act 9 of 2002 and section 5 of Act 28 of 2013

32. Section 39 of the principal Act is hereby amended:

(a) by the deletion of the word ‘‘and’’ at the end of paragraph (cD);

(b) by the insertion of the following paragraphs after paragraph (cE):
‘‘(cF) prescribing rules regulating the processes and proceedings of the
Tribunal;
(cG) prescribing compulsory and standard contractual terms to be included in agreements to be entered in terms of this Act;
(cH) prescribing permitted acts for circumvention of technological protection measures contemplated in section 28B after due consideration of the following factors:
(i) The availability for use of works protected by copyright;
(ii) the availability for use of works for non-profit archival and educational purposes;
(iii) the impact of the prohibition on the circumvention of technological protection measures applied to works or protected by copyright on criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research; or
(iv) the effect of the circumvention of technological protection measures on the market for or value of works protected by copyright;
(cI) prescribing royalty rates or tariffs for various forms of use;
(cJ) prescribing the percentage and period within which distribution of
royalties must be made by Collecting Societies;
(cK) prescribing the terms and manner relating to the management of
unclaimed royalties, code of conduct and any other matter relating to the reporting, operations, activities and better collection processes
of royalties by a Collecting Society; and (cL) in consultation with the Minister responsible for communication,
prescribing the local music content for television and radio broadcasting;’’; and

(c) by the addition of the following subsection, the existing section becoming
subsection (1):
‘‘(2) Before making any regulations in terms of subsection (1), the
Minister must publish the proposed regulations for public comment for a
period of not less than 30 days.’’.

Insertion of section 39B in Act 98 of 1978

33. The following section is hereby inserted in the principal Act after section 39A:

‘‘Unenforceable contractual term

39B.

(1) To the extent that a term of a contract purports to prevent or restrict the doing of any act which by virtue of this Act would not infringe copyright or which purport to renounce a right or protection afforded by this Act, such term shall be unenforceable.

(2) This section does not prohibit or otherwise interfere with public and
open licences to do any act which is subject to copyright or moral rights,
settlement agreements, terms of service licences and the voluntary
dedication of a work to the public domain.’’

Insertion of Schedule 2 in Act 98 of 1978

34. The following Schedule is hereby added to the principal Act, the existing
Schedule becoming Schedule 1:

‘‘Schedule 2
(Section 22(3))

Part A.- Translation Licences

Application of provisions in Part A

1. The provisions in this Part apply to copyright works which have been
published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction.

Application for licence to translate copyrighted work

(1) Any person may apply to the Commission for a licence to make a
translation of the work in order in printed or analogous forms of
reproduction, into any language that is an official language within the
Republic, or a foreign language that is regularly used in the Republic, for
use by readers located in the Republic.

(2) Any person may apply to the Commission for a licence to translate
copyrighted work in order to make the work into a usable or analogous form
of reproduction.

(3) No licence shall be granted until the expiration of the following
applicable periods:

(a) A period of one week from the date of the first publication of the original copyrighted work, where the application is for a licence for translation into specified languages;

(b) a period of three months from the date of the first publication of the
original copyrighted work, where the application is for a licence for
translation into specified languages in general use or any other language in general use; and

c) a period of one year from the date of the first publication of the of the
original copyrighted work, where the application is for a licence for
translation into any language that is not stipulated in this Act or
languages that are not generally used in the Republic covered in
subitem (1).

Granting of licence

(1) Before granting a licence the Tribunal shall determine that:

(a) no translation of the work into the language in question of the
copyrighted work has been established in printed or analogous form of
reproduction by or with the authorisation of the user, performer,
owner, producer or author of the right of translation or any previous
editions in that language are out of print;

(b) the applicant for the licence has established that he or she has
requested and has been denied authorisation from the author of the
right of translation after due diligence on his or her part was unable to
find such user, performer, owner, producer or author;

(c) at the same time as addressing the request referred to in paragraphs (a)
and (b) with the user, performer, owner, producer or author, the
applicant for the licence has informed any organisation designated for
the purpose of his or her request in which the publisher of the work to
be translated is believed to have his or her principal place of business;

(d) if the applicant could not find the user, performer, owner, producer or
author of the copyrighted work requiring translation by registered mail
or electronic mail (with proof of service), a copy of his or her
application to the publisher whose name appears on the work and a
copy to any principal place of business referred to in paragraph (c);

(e) no licence shall be granted unless the user, performer, owner, producer
or author of the copyrighted work requiring translation is known or located and has been given an opportunity to be heard;

(f) no licence shall be granted until the expiration of:
(i) a further period of two days, where one week referred to in item 2(3)(a) applies;
(ii) a further period of two weeks, where three months referred to in item 2(3)(b) applies; or
(iii) a further period of three months, where one year referred to in item 2(3)(c) applies;

(g) such further period shall be computed from the date on which the
applicant complies with the requirements mentioned in paragraphs (a)
to (e) or where the identity or the address of the user, performer,
owner, producer or author of the copyright work requiring translation
is unknown from the date on which the applicant also complies with
the requirement mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e); and

(h) if, during either of the said further periods, a translation into the
language in question of the copyright work has been published in
printed or analogous form of reproduction by or with the authorisation
of the user, performer, owner, producer or author of the translation
right, no licence shall be granted.

(2) For works composed mainly of illustrations, a licence shall be
granted only if the conditions stipulated in paragraphs (a) to (e) are also
fulfilled.

(3) No licence shall be granted when the user, performer, owner,
producer or author has withdrawn all copies of the work from circulation.

Scope and conditions of licence

(1) Any licence granted under this Part shall:

(a) be for the purpose of teaching only;

(b) be for training, scholarship or research;

(c) be to allow publication in a printed or analogous form of reproduction
consistently with the conditions set out in item 3, if:
(i) the Tribunal certifies that facilities do not exist for such printing or reproduction or that existing facilities are incapable for economic or practical reasons of ensuring such reproduction, the preparation may be made outside the country and if:
(aa) all copies reproduced are sent to the licensee in one or more bulk shipments for distribution exclusively in the Republic and the contract between the licensee and the establishment doing the work of reproduction so requires;
(bb) the said contract provides that the establishment engaged for doing the work of reproduction guarantees that the work of reproduction is lawful in the country where it is done; and
(cc) the licensee does not entrust the work of reproduction to an establishment specially created for the purpose of having copies reproduced of works for a licence granted under this Part;
(ii) the publication does not extend to the export of copies made under the licence, except as provided in subparagraph (i);
(iii) the licence is non-exclusive; and
(iv) the licence is transferable.

(2) Copies of a translation published under a licence may be sent abroad
by the Government or other public entity if: .

(a) the translation is into a language other than the language used in the
Republic that will be of use;

(b) the recipients of the copies are individuals who are South African
nationals or are organisational groupings that are nationals in the
Republic;

(d) both the sending of the copies abroad and their subsequent distribution
to the recipients are without any commercial purposes; and

(e) the government of the foreign country to which the copies are sent, has
agreed to the receipt or distribution, or both, of the copies in that
country.

(3) The licence shall provide for just compensation in favour of the user,
performer, owner, producer or author of the right of translation that is
consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in the case of
licences freely negotiated between persons in the Republic and authors of
translation rights in the country of the author of the right of translation.

(4) If the licensee is unable to transmit the compensation to the user,
performer, owner, producer or author of the right of translation due to
conversion of currency, he or she shall report the fact to the Tribunal who
shall make all efforts, by the use of international machinery, to ensure that
such transmittal is in internationally convertible currency or its equivalent.

(5) As a condition of maintaining the validity of the licence, the
translation must be correct for such use and all published copies must
include the following:

(a) The original title and name of the user, performer, owner, producer or
author of the work;

(b) a notice in the language of the translation stating that the copy is
available for distribution only in the Republic; and

(6) The licence shall terminate if:

(a) a translation of the work is in the same language of the copyrighted
work with substantially the same content as the original publication
under the licence; and

(b) a translation of the work is published in printed or analogous form of
reproduction in the country by or with the authorisation of the user,
performer, owner, producer or author at a price reasonably related to
the price normally charged in the country for comparable works.

(7) Any copies of the work already made before the licence terminates
may continue to be distributed until stocks are exhausted.

Licence for broadcasting organisation

(1) A licence under this Part may also be granted to a domestic
broadcasting organisation if the following conditions are met:

(a) The translation is made from a copy made and acquired in accordance
with the laws of the country;

(b) the translation is for use in broadcasts intended exclusively for
teaching or for the dissemination of the results of specialised technical
or scientific research to experts in a particular profession only;

(c) the translation is used exclusively for the purpose specified in
paragraph (b) through broadcasts that are lawfully made and that are
intended for recipients in the Republic, including broadcasts made
through the medium of sound or visual recording that have been made
lawfully and for the sole purposes of such broadcasts;

(d) sound or visual recordings of the translation may not be used by
broadcasting organisations other than those having their headquarters
in the country; and

(e) all uses made of the translation are without commercial purpose.

(2) A licence may also be granted to a domestic broadcasting organisation under all of the conditions provided in subitem (1) to translate any text incorporated in an audiovisual fixation that was itself prepared and
published for the sole purpose of being used in connection with systematic
instructional activities.

Part B.- Reproduction Licences

Application of provisions in Part B

1. The provisions in this Part apply to works which have been published
in printed or analogous forms of reproduction.

Application for licence

(1) Any person may apply to the Intellectual Property Tribunal for a
licence to reproduce and publish a particular edition of the work in printed
or analogous forms of reproduction (hereinafter referred to as ‘‘the
licence’’).

(2) No licence shall be granted until the expiration of the following
applicable periods, commencing from the date of first publication of the
particular edition of the work:

(a) Three years for works of technology and the natural and physical
sciences including mathematics;

(b) seven years for works of fiction, poetry, drama and music, and for art
books; and

Grant of licence

(1) Before the granting of a licence, the Tribunal shall determine
that:

(a) no distribution by, or without authorisation of, the user, performer,
owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction of copies in
printed or analogous forms of reproduction of that particular edition
has taken place in the country to the general public or in connection
with systematic activities at a price reasonably related to that normally
charged in the country or that, under the same conditions, such copies
have not been on sale in the country for a continuous period of at least
six months;

(b) the applicant for the licence has established that he or she either has
requested, and has been denied, authorisation from the user, performer,
owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction or that,
after due diligence on his or her part, he or she was unable to find such
user, performer, owner, producer or author;

(c) at the same time as addressing the request referred to in paragraph (b)
to the user, performer, owner, producer or author, the applicant for the
licence has informed any national or international organisation
designed for the purpose of his or her application in which the
publisher of the work to be reproduced is believed to have his or her
principal place of business; and

(d) if the applicant for the licence could not find the user, performer,
owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction, the applicant
has sent, by registered mail or electronic mail (with proof), a copy of
his or her application to the publisher whose name appears on the work
and a copy of his or her application to any principal place of business
referred to in paragraph (c).

(2) No licence shall be granted unless the user, performer, owner,
producer or author of the right of reproduction is known, located or has
been given an opportunity to be heard.

(3) Where the three-year period referred to in item 2(2)(a) applies, no
licence shall be granted until the expiration of six months calculated from
the date on which the applicant complies with the requirements mentioned
in subitem (2)(a) and (b) or, where the identity or the address of the user,
performer, owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction is
unknown, from the date on which the applicant also complies with the
requirements mentioned in this Part.

(4) Where the seven-year or five-year periods referred to in paragraphs
(b) and (c) of item 2(2) apply and where the identity or the address of the
user, performer, owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction is
unknown, no licence shall be granted until the expiration of six months
calculated from the date on which the copies referred to have been mailed.

(5) If, during the period of six or three months referred to in subitem (3)
or (4), a distribution or placing on sale has taken place, no licence shall be
granted.

(6) No licence shall be granted if the user, performer, owner, producer or
author has withdrawn from circulation all copies of the edition which is the
subject of the application.

(7) Where the edition which is the subject of an application for a licence
under this Part is a translation, the licence shall only be granted if the
translation is in a language required by, or with the authorisation of, the
user, performer, owner, producer or author of the right of translation.

Scope and condition of licence

(1) Any licence under this Part shall:

(a) be for use in connection with systematic instructional activities only;

(b) allow publication only in a printed or analogous form of reproduction
at a price reasonably related to or lower than that normally charged in
the country for comparable work;

(d) if the Tribunal certifies that facilities do not exist in the country and the
contract between the licensee and the establishment doing the work of
reproduction so requires, allow reproduction outside the country as
long as:
(i) all copies reproduced are sent to the licensee in one or more
bulk shipments for distribution exclusively in the country and
the contract between the licensee and the establishment doing
the work of reproduction so requires;
(ii) the said contract provides that the establishment engaged for
doing the work of reproduction guarantees that the work of
reproduction is lawful in the country where it is done;
(iii) the licensee does not entrust the work of reproduction to an
establishment created for the purpose of having copies
reproduced of works for which a licence has been granted under this Part;
(iv) the licence is non-exclusive; and
(v) the licence is transferable.

(2) The licence shall provide for just compensation in favour of the user,
performer, owner, producer or author of the right of reproduction that is
consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in the case of
licences freely negotiated between persons in the country and users,
performers, owners, producers or authors of reproduction rights in the
Republic.

(3) If the licensee is unable, by reason of currency regulations, to
transmit the compensation to the user, performer, owner, producer or author
of the right of reproduction, he or she shall report the fact to the Tribunal
who shall make all efforts, by the use of international machinery, to ensure
such transmittal in internationally convertible currency or its equivalent.

(4) As a condition of maintaining the validity of the licence, the
reproduction of that particular edition must be accurate and all published
copies must include the following:

(a) The title and name of the user, performer, owner, producer or author of
the work;

(b) a notice in the language of the publication stating that the copy is
available for distribution only in the Republic; and

(5) The licence shall terminate if:

(a) copies of an edition of the work in printed or analogous form of
reproduction are distributed in the Republic, by or with the
authorisation of the user, performer, owner, producer or author of the
right of reproduction and in connection with systematic instructional
activities, at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in the
Republic; and

(b) such edition is in the same language and is substantially the same in
content as the edition which was published under the licence.

(6) Any copies of an edition of the work already made before the licence
terminates may continue to be distributed until stocks are exhausted.

Licence for audiovisual fixations

5. Under the conditions provided in this Part, a licence may also be
granted:

(a) to reproduce in audio-visual form a lawfully made audio-visual
fixation, including any protected work incorporated in it if that fixation
was prepared and published for the sole purpose of being used in
connection with systematic instructional activities; and

(b) to translate any text incorporated in that fixation into a language
generally used in the Republic.’’.

Short title and commencement

35. This Act is called the Copyright Amendment Act, 2017, and comes into operation on a date fixed by the President by proclamation in the Gazette.

MEMORANDUM ON THE OBJECTS OF THE COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT BILL

1. BACKGROUND

1.1 The Copyright Amendment Bill (‘‘the Bill’’) seeks to align copyright with the
digital era and developments at a multilateral level. The existing Copyright
Act, 1978 (Act nº 98 of 1978) (‘‘the Act’’), is outdated and has not been
effective in a number of areas. The creative industry is impacted upon;
educators are hampered in carrying out their duties; researchers are restricted
to further developing research; and people with disabilities are severely
disadvantaged by having limited access to copyright works. For this reason, a
need exists for Intellectual Property (‘‘IP’’) legislation to be consonant with
the ever evolving digital space; to allow reasonable access to education; to
ensure that access to information and resources are available for persons with
disabilities; and to ensure that artists do not die as paupers due to ineffective
protection. The latter is supported by the experience of the power imbalance,
vulnerabilities and abuse taking place in the music industry which Government
was called to address.

1.2 The Bill is consistent with the Draft National Policy as commented on and the recommendations of the Copyright Review Commission (‘‘the CRC’’)
chaired by retired judge Ian Farlam, and is linked to the National
Development Plan (‘‘NDP’’), in that it seeks to ensure consistency and
coherence in aligning the approach of various Government Departments to IP
matters. The proposed provisions in the Bill are strategically aligned with the
treaties that South Africa reviewed, amongst others, the World Intellectual
Property Organisation (‘‘WIPO’’) digital treaties namely the WIPO Copyright
Treaty (‘‘WCT’’); the WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty
(‘‘WPPT’’); the Beijing Treaty for the Protection of Audio Visual Performances;
and the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for
Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled. The
alignment is for purposes of ensuring effective governance, social protection,
employment creation and reduction of inequalities.

1.3 The amendment of the Act means that South Africa will be able to accede to international treaties and conventions which require domestic legislation to be consistent with international imperatives.

2. OVERVIEW OF BILL

2.1 The purpose of the proposed amendments to the Act is to protect the economic interests of authors and creators of work against infringement by promoting the progress of science and useful creative activities. It is also envisaged that the proposed legislation will reward and incentivise authors of knowledge and art. Various sectors within the South African Copyright regime are dissatis-fied. Ranking highest are local performers and composers, who have not benefitted due to the lack of access to the Copyright system. (CRC report 2011). Thus, the Bill aims to make copyright consistent with the digital era, developments at a multilateral level, international standards and introduce
improved exceptions and limitations into Copyright law. The Bill also aims to
enhance access to and use of copyright works, to promote access to
information for the advancement of education and research and payment of
royalties to alleviate the plight of the creative industry.

2.2 The objectives of the Bill are:

● to develop a legal framework on Copyright and related rights that will
promote accessibility to producers, users and consumers in a balanced
manner; this includes flexibilities and advancements in the digital space that
should empower all strata of the citizens of South Africa;

● to address the licensing of Copyright works or material in relation to
commissioned work to facilitate commercial exploitation by any person so
licensed.

2.3 The Bill introduces provisions which deal with matters pertaining to
Collective Management. Collecting Societies will only be allowed to collect
for their registered members, and all Collecting Societies have to be registered with the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (‘‘CIPC’’). Collecting Societies will only be allowed to collect for one set of Copyright Rights (Performance, Mechanical and Needle time).

2.4 The Bill deals with the protection of works and rights of authors in the digital environment.

2.5 The Bill provides for the availability of accessible formats of a work to
accommodate persons with disabilities. This provision extends beyond
matters pertaining to the blind but to other disabilities such as learning
disabilities, dyslexia etc.

2.6 The Bill introduces an Artist Resale Royalty. This resale right means that an artist could be entitled to a royalty even when their work is resold.

2.7 Scope is left for the reproduction of copyright material for certain uses or
purposes without obtaining permission and without paying a fee and without
paying a royalty. Limited circumstances have been provided for in this regard.
Furthermore, this provision stipulates the factors that need to be considered in
determining whether the use of a copyright amounts to fair use.

2.8 The Bill proposes a new structure for the tribunal that will settle disputes in
the area of all domains of IP. The current Tribunal process takes long to settle
disputes and was found to be ineffective by the CRC in providing speedy
redress to rights holders. There is clear justification to follow the route taken
in respect of the Companies, Trade Marks and Competition Tribunals which
are good examples in this regard. This will be a Tribunal to deal with all IP
matters.

3. ANALYSIS OF BILL

3.1 Clause 1 of the Bill proposes the insertion into the Act of a range of new
definitions necessitated by certain amendments embodied in the Bill.

3.2 Clause 2 proposes the insertion of section 2A in the Act, circumscribing the extent of copyright protection.

3.3 Clause 3 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 5 of the Act by
providing for State ownership of copyright funded by the State.

3.4 Clause 4 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 6 of the Act by
providing for communication to the public of a musical work, by wire or
wireless means, including internet access and making available to the public
a work in such a way that members of the public may access such work from
a place and at a time individually chosen by them, whether interactively or
non-interactively.

3.5 Clause 5 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 7 by providing for
communication to the public of an artistic work by wire or wireless means,
including internet access.

3.6 Clause 6 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 8 of the Act by
providing for communication to the public of a cinematograph film or
audiovisual fixation by wire or wireless means, including internet access.

3.7 Clause 7 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 9 of the Act providing for communication to the public of a sound recording by wire or wireless means, including internet access. Furthermore, by providing for a person who intends to broadcast, cause transmission of or make any work available to the public, to give the author, collecting society or indigenous community a notice in the prescribed manner of his or her intention to perform such acts, indicating where practicable, the date of the proposed performance, proposed terms and conditions for the payment of royalties and requires the copyright author, collecting society or indigenous community to sign the proposal attached thereto.

3.8 Clause 8 of the Bill proposes the substitution of section 9A of the Act. It
embodies a variety of additions and amendments pertaining to the payment of
royalties in respect of intellectual property rights.

3.9 Clause 9 of the Bill proposes the insertion into the Act of sections 9B to 9F,
providing for the resale, duration, assignment or waiver of royalty rights. It
also provides for authors to enjoy the inalienable resale royalty right on the
commercial resale of his or her work of art, subsequent to the first transfer by
the author of such work of art.

3.10 Clause 10 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 12, providing for fair dealings and uses of copyright work.

3.11 Clause 11 of the Bill proposes the insertion of section 12A in the Act,
providing for the general exceptions from copyright protection and section
12B providing for the first sale or transfer of ownership of copyright to
exhaust the rights of distribution and importation locally and internationally in
respect of the transfer of the original or copy.

3.12 Clause 12 of the Bill proposes the insertion of sections 13A and 13B in the Act providing for the permission to make transient or incidental copies of a work, including reformatting, an integral and essential part of a technical process.

3.13 Clause 13 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 16 of the Act,
providing for the deletion of subsection (1).

3.14 Clauses 14 and 15 proposes the repeal of sections 17 and 18 of the Act,
respectively.

3.15 Clause 16 of the Bill proposes the repeal of section 19A of the Act.

3.16 Clause 17 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 19B of the Act by providing that the person having a right to use a copy of a computer program shall be entitled, without the authorisation of the rights holder, to observe, study or test the functioning of the program in order to determine the ideas and principles which underlie any element of the program, if he or she does so while performing any of the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting or storing the program which he or she is entitled to do.

3.17 Clause 18 of the Bill proposes the insertion of sections 19C and 19D into the Act by providing general exceptions regarding protection of copyright work
for archives, libraries, museums and galleries, also exceptions regarding
protection of copyright work for persons with disability.

3.18 Clause 19 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 20 of the Act, thereby providing for an author to have the right to claim authorship of the work, and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the work where such action is or would be prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author.

3.19 Clause 20 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 21 of the Act by
providing for the ownership of any copyright subsisting in the work between the person commissioning the work and the author who executes the
commission.

3.20 Clause 21 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 22 of the Act by
providing that copyright owned by, vesting in or under the custody of the State
may not be assigned.

3.21 Clause 22 of the Bill proposes the insertion into the Act of a new section 22A, making provision for assignment and licences in respect of orphan works.

3.22 Clause 23 of the Bill proposes the insertion of a new Chapter 1A into the Act and provides for the registration and regulation of Collecting Societies.

3.23 Clause 24 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 23 of the Act by
providing for an offence if a person tampers with information managing
copyright, omits to pay the author of the copyright work a royalty fee as and
when the copyright work is used and omits to pay the author of artistic work
royalty fees as and when the artistic work is sold as prescribed by the Act.

3.24 Clause 25 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 27 of the Act by
inserting a new subsection which provides for an offence if a person
unlawfully circumvents technological protection measures applied by the
author.

3.25 Clause 26 of the Bill proposes amendments to section 28 of the Act, which provides for the copying of a work to constitute an infringement of copyright, if such copying would have constituted infringement in the country in which the work was made.

3.26 Clause 27 of the Bill proposes the insertion of sections 28O, 28P, 28Q, 28R, 28S in the Bill providing for prohibited conduct in respect of technological
protection measures; exceptions in respect of technological protection
measures; and prohibited conduct in respect of copyright management
information and exceptions.

3.27 Clause 28 of the Bill proposes an amendment to the heading in Chapter 3 of the Act [Copyright Tribunal] by replacing it with the heading ‘‘Regulatory and Enforcement Agencies’’.

3.28 Clauses 29 and 30 of the Bill propose the insertion of sections 29A to 29S into the Act, which provide for, amongst others, the establishment of the
Intellectual Property Tribunal; its functions; appointment of its members;
qualifications for such appointment; term of office; removal and suspensions;
and procedural matters on the conduct of hearings of the Tribunal.

3.29 Clause 31 of the Bill proposes the repeal of sections 30, 31, 32, 33 and 36 of the Act.

3.30 Clause 32 of the Bill proposes an amendment to section 39 of the Act by
providing for ministerial powers to prescribe regulations relating amongst
others to the procedure for the conduct of Tribunal hearings and relating to
Collecting Societies.

3.31 Clause 33 of the Bill proposes a new section 39B, and provides that a term in a contract that purports to prevent or restrict any act which by virtue of the Act would not infringe copyright or which purport to renounce a right or
protection afforded by the Act will be unenforceable.

3.32 Clause 34 of the Bill proposes the insertion into the Act of a new Schedule 2, providing for ‘‘Translation Licences’’ and ‘‘Reproduction Licences’’.

3.33 Clause 35 of the Bill provides for the short title and commencement.

4. DEPARTMENTS/BODIES/PERSONS CONSULTED

The Department of Trade and Industry consulted various stakeholders in different sectors within the South African Copyright regime such as Departments and their agencies, local performers, composers, academics, non-government organisations, copyright consultants and the general public, through meetings and a conference.
The consultation took place pre- and post-Cabinet approval.

5. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR STATE

Any financial requirement will accommodated within the existing budget.

7. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE

Tagging

7.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (‘‘the Constitution’’)
distinguishes between four categories of Bills: Bills amending the Constitution
(section 74); ordinary Bills not affecting provinces (section 75); ordinary
Bills affecting provinces (section 76); and money Bills (section 77). A Bill
must be correctly tagged otherwise it would be constitutionally invalid.

7.2. The Bill must be considered against the provisions of the Constitution relating to the tagging of Bills, and against the functional areas listed in Schedule 4 and Schedule 5 to the Constitution.

7.3 The crux of tagging has been explained by the courts, especially the
Constitutional Court in the case of Tongoane and Others v Minister of
Agriculture and Land Affairs and Others1. The Constitutional Court in its
judgment stated as follows:

‘‘[58] What matters for the purpose of tagging is not the substance or
the true purpose and effect of the Bill, rather, what matters is whether
the provisions of the Bill ‘in substantial measure fall within a
functional area listed in schedule 4’. This statement refers to the test to
be adopted when tagging Bills. This test for classification or tagging is
different from that used by this court to characterise a Bill in order to
determine legislative competence. This ‘involves the determination of
the subject matter or the substance of the legislation, its essence, or
true purpose and effect, that is, what the [legislation] is about.’’
(footnote omitted).

[60] The test for tagging must be informed by its purpose. Tagging is
not concerned with determining the sphere of government that has the
competence to legislate on a matter. Nor is the process concerned with
preventing interference in the legislative competence of another
sphere of government. The process is concerned with the question of
how the Bill should be considered by the provinces and in the NCOP,
and how a Bill must be considered by the provincial legislatures
depends on whether it affects the provinces. The more it affects the
interests, concerns and capacities of the provinces, the more say the
provinces should have on its content.’’

7.4 In light of what the Constitutional Court stated in the abovementioned case, the test essentially entails that ‘‘any Bill whose provisions in substantial
measure’’ fall within a specific Schedule must be classified in terms of that
Schedule

7.5 The Act regulates copyright. In terms of section 2 of the Act, and subject to the provisions of the Act, the following works, if they are original, are eligible for copyright, namely literary works, musical works, artistic works, cinematograph films, sound recordings, broadcasts, program-carrying signals,
published editions and computer programs.

7.6 The Bill, amongst others things, seeks to provide for certain exceptions in
respect of infringement of copyright for educational purposes, e.g. the new
section 13B [clause 12 of the Bill] which regulates the making of copies of
works, recordings of works and broadcasts in radio and television for the
purposes of educational and academic activities if the copying does not
exceed the extent justified by the purpose. ‘‘Education at all levels, excluding
tertiary education’’is a functional area listed in Schedule 4 to the Constitution.
The Bill also proposes general exceptions regarding protection of copyright
work for archives, libraries, museums and galleries. ‘‘Archives other than
national archives’’, ‘‘Libraries other that national libraries’’ and ‘‘Museums
other than national museums’’ are functional areas listed in Schedule 5 to the
Constitution. The question is whether or not the abovementioned provisions
of the Bill in substantial measure fall within a functional are listed in Schedule
4 or 5. The purpose of the Bill is to regulate copyright and not to regulate any
matter falling under the functional areas in question. The Constitutional
Court, in paragraph 71, stated the following with regard to the test for tagging:

‘‘[71] . . . the ‘substantial measure’ test permits a consideration of
the provisions of the Bill and their impact on matters that substantially
affect the provinces. This test ensures that legislation that affects the
provinces will be enacted in accordance with a procedure that allows
the provinces to fully and effectively play their role in the law-making
process. This test must therefore be endorsed.’’ (emphasis added).
The subject matter of the Bill is the regulation of copyright in the Republic
and does not impact on matters that substantially affect the provinces.

7.7 Since none of the provisions of the Bill in substantial measure fall within a
functional area listed in Schedule 4 or 5, the Bill must be dealt with in
accordance with the procedure set out in section 75 of the Constitution.

Referral of Bill to House of Traditional Leaders

7.8 According to section 18(1) of the Traditional Leadership and Governance
Framework Act, 2003 (Act nº 41 of 2003), ‘‘(a)ny parliamentary Bill
pertaining to customary law or customs of traditional communities must,
before it is passed by the house of Parliament where it was introduced, be
referred by the Secretary to Parliament to the National House of Traditional
Leaders for its comments.’’.

7.9 Indigenous works will in terms of the Act be eligible for the payment of
royalties. An ‘‘indigenous work’’ means a literary, artistic or musical work
with an indigenous or traditional origin, including indigenous cultural
expressions or knowledge which was created by persons who are or were
members, currently or historically, of an indigenous community and which
literary, artistic or musical work is regarded as part of the heritage of such
indigenous community. The Bill provides for the registration of collecting
societies to administer rights on behalf of copyright owners or authors. Since
the Bill pertains to ‘‘customs of traditional communities’’ it would be
necessary to refer the Bill to the House of Traditional Leaders.

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